Tugas CCU

March 16^th 2012

At the afternoon I with my classmate went to fort Rotterdam to visited museum lagaligo because of our lecturer ask us to make papers about the museum. Hot weather make my skin like burnt. After we arrived in Rotterdam we came into the museum by tour guide.

Before I explain about the museum I have to explain about fort Rotterdam, the history about the fort. A Brief History
Fort Fort Rotterdam is one of the forts in South Sulawesi that may be majestic and captivating. A New York Times correspondent, Barbara Crossette fort was once described as "the best preserved Dutch fort in Asia". At first the fort was called Fort Jumpandang (Ujung Pandang).
The fort is a heritage of the Sultanate of Gowa, the Empire had Berjaya around the 17th century with a capital of Makassar. Empire actually have around 17 pieces of forts throughout the capital. Only, Fort Fort Rotterdam is the most magnificent fortress among other castle fort and its authenticity is still preserved to this day.

The fort was built in 1545 by King of Gowa-X named Imanrigau Daeng Bonto Karaeng Lakiung or Karaeng Tunipalangga Ulaweng. In the first form of this fort is rectangular, like the architectural style of the Portuguese fort. Mixture of stone and base ingredients and baked clay to dry.

On August 9, 1634, the Sultan of Gowa-XIV (I Mangerangi Manrabbia Daeng, with the title of Sultan Alauddin) made ​​of stone walls with black padas are imported from the Maros. On June 23, 1635, rebuilt the walls near the gates. Ujung Pandang fortress is shaped like a turtle who wanted to crawl down into the ocean. Shape is very clear in terms of the philosophy of the kingdom of Gowa, that turtles can live on land and at sea. So even with the Kingdom of Gowa who triumphed on land and at sea. The original name of this fort is Fort Ujung Pandang, usually well-Gowa Makassar people call this fort as Fort Panyyua which is the headquarters of the kingdom of Gowa frogmen.

And know I going to explain about museum lagaligo. The first museum established in South Sulawesi is Celebes Museum in 1938, founded by the Dutch East Indies government in the capital city of Makassar as Gouvernement Celebes en Onderhoorigheden (Sulawesi and Local Government conquests). Head of Museums is Mr. Ness.

Celebes Museum located at Fort Ujung Pandang (Fort Rotterdam), occupies the former residence of Admiral Cornelis Speelman building, the Building # 2. Collection from public donations and the results of excavations, including various types of ceramics, currencies, several pieces of traditional headband of South Sulawesi, and gold plate.

The arrival of the Japanese in the city of Makassar, Celebes Museum has occupied three buildings, the Building 2, Building 5 and Building No.8. Collections in Building # 5 in the form of carpentry tools, types of boats, and agricultural tools, as well as ethnographic collections of gold. Collections in Building 8 of the people plaything; kitchen equipment such as crockery, pots, etc.; musical instruments, different types of spears. During the Japanese occupation, museum activities stopped, and again initiated by the humanists after the dissolution of the State of East Indonesia (NIT). Museum established back in 1966 though not in official status. Collection obtained from the contributions of humanists, a silver bracelet, ancient currency, custom wedding dress, a dagger and dagger.

Matthes plus a collection of the Foundation, Foundation Cultural Center of Eastern Indonesia, and belongs to the Cultural Inspection of South Sulawesi.
Four years later, by decree of Governors (1970), the museum was officially incorporated as Museum La Galigo. Furthermore, through a decree of the Minister of Education and Culture (1979), the museum's name changed to La Galigo Museum of South Sulawesi Province.

There are many historical objects located in the museum lagaligo. But I can’t expalin all the object, maybe only some objects which interest me. Such as people wear clothes in Makassar in the wedding ceremony . Makassar society always wear the clothes when they want to get married, there are many kinds color of the clothes. Like red, white, blue, green, and pink. And then the wedding customs in Makassar depending on the community if a family wants to marry his son and their level of under or non-royal or noble they may not use the food of the call with bosara. Bosara but they may use in a small size because of the large size for use or intended for the king's family descent or nobility. There is also customary mappaci which also can only be done by a family of noble descent. Mappaci done at night before the ceremony carried on, mappaci usually done only for the bride's family members with the goal of family members has given her blessing to his son who will hold the wedding reception.

And then we move to next object they are, aksara lontara or lontara characters or letters of the first people who used to read, write and become a language that has been taught to children of primary school, secondary and secondary schools. This letter is not like the letter languages ​​in general as it consists of several parts. Many people or children in Makassar don’t to know about the letter because the letters only taught in school we can’t talk each other by the letter. Except, if we went to remote village. Like in my village some people still use the letters and always talk each other by use the letters . Of course, I’m understand what they said because I am a big and growing in the village but I can’t speak fluently like them. Know I’m forget all about the letters, i used to can’t read the letters.

In the museum I have see many objects from many place in South Sulawesi, starting from Bone. Bone Sultanate or Sultanate often known by the Bugis, a sultanate located in the southwestern Sulawesi, or rather in the area of South Sulawesi province today. Mastering the area of ​​about 2600 km2.
Since the end of the rule of Gowa, Bone became a major power under Dutch influence in South Sulawesi and surrounding areas in 1666. Bone was under Dutch control until 1814 when the British came to power while in this area, but returned to Holland in 1816 after an agreement in Europe due to the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Dutch influence is then led to increased resistance against the Dutch Bone, but the Dutch were the many expeditions sent to quell the resistance until eventually became part of Indonesia Bone at the time of the proclamation. In Bone, the king holds Arumpone. And then, in bulukumba. This place has something unique is phinisi boat,  I don’t too know about bulukumba and history about phinisi boat so I can’t explain anymore.

I want to explain about a ceremony when people after harvest and the ceremony have did it in my village the ceremony named mapadendang.

The women who perform these ceremonies and visits by the man and the man fell in love with them then when it was also the man applying for the woman, one goal of this event is to find a mate.

Some objects in museum has function to get partner life and get children, like lingga stone, it’s very interest me because many people believe that if a partner life haven’t children and went to touch the stone and related entities in the evening later in the morning the wife would get pregnant. These stones are also commonly called a fertility stone for those who are infertile and unable to have children or descendants.

In the first part of the museum La Galigo there are some pre-history of civilization or as the Paleolithic era (hunting and gathering the initial level), Mezolitik (hunting and gathering the information), Neolithic (farming) The Paleolithic (or Palæolithic) Age, Era or Period, is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered (Modes I and II), and covers roughly 99% of human technological prehistory. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools, probably by Hominins such as Australopithecines, 2.6 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BP. The Paleolithic era is followed by the Mesolithic. The date of the Paleolithic—Mesolithic boundary may vary by locality as much as several thousand years.

During the Paleolithic, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. The Paleolithic is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools, including leather and vegetable fibers; however, due to their nature, these have not been preserved to any great degree. Surviving artifacts of the Paleolithic era are known as paleoliths. Humankind gradually evolved from early members of the genus Homo such as Homo habilis — who used simple stone tools — into fully behaviorally and anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) during the Paleolithic era. During the end of the Paleolithic, specifically the Middle and or Upper Paleolithic, humans began to produce the earliest works of art and engage in religious and spiritual behavior such as burial and ritual. The climate during the Paleolithic consisted of a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures.

The term Paleolithic was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865. It derives from Greek: παλαιός, palaios, "old"; and λίθος, lithos, "stone", literally meaning "old age of the stone" or "Old Stone Age.

One rich source of Paleothic artifacts has been the Euphrates river valley. Excavations started in the 1960s, when the Turkish government built the Keban dam on the river. The Keban historical salvage project was organized by Kemal Kurdas, then rector of Middle East Technical University, and a team of Turkish, American and Dutch archeologists led by Maurits van Loon excavated. Later more dams were built and salvage operations took place, unearthing settlements going back to the Paleolithic.

And then At this time of life style from the past are still influential. Life of hunting and gathering food contained approximately natured followed proved from the form tool made ​​of stone, bone and shells. The evidence of human life during mesolithik found in 1961 in Cave Selonding, Pecatu (Badung). The cave is located on limestone mountains in Benoa Peninsula. In this area there is a larger cave is Cave Rock Boma, but the cave does not give a proof of the life that once took place there. The cave discovered in excavation Selonding tools consist of tools and flakes of crushed stone and a number of bone tools. Among these tools there are some lencipan muduk bone is a device along the 5 cm of both ends sharpened.
Such tools were also found in a cave in South Sulawesi Toala level of cultural development and well-known in eastern Australia. Beyond Bali discovered painting cave walls, depicting the social and economic life and public trust at that time. The paintings on cave walls or in rock walls, among others, in the form of hand labeling, pig deer, birds, humans, boats, symbol of the sun, painting the eyes and so on. Several other paintings were more developed at a later tradition and means to be lighter also include paintings such as those lizards on the island of Seram and Papua, may connote magical powers that are considered as the incarnation of the spirits of ancestors or chiefs.

The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, νέος (nèos, "new") and λίθος (lithos, "stone"): or New Stone era, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 10200 cal. BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period, beginning with the rise of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution", and ending when metal tools became widespread in the Copper Age (chalcolithic) or Bronze Age or developing directly into the Iron Age, depending on the geographical region. The Neolithic is a measured progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and the use of domesticated animals.

From museum I can know many things that happens in the past, starting to stone era until modern era and there are changed was happen. I life and stay in Makassar but I don’t know everything about Makassar, i used to don’t care about the historical about Makassar but now step by step I know it. I was met other objects in museum but I want to share what I have hear from the tour guide, he said that many people in indonesia especially in Makassar has face like mandarin person because of in past mandarin people who live and do business in Indonesia, such as trade, etc. Then they were also married Indonesian women and we do not have to wonder why many of us who like all the Chinese people because most of the population of Chinese descent or indoneia is commonly called the indo-china.

In next room I have see object named bagang, I always see it because in my home village some people work in sea and stay in bagang. Bagang Is a place which someone stay and catch sea animal for some days. The objects only formed of bamboo and roof. I think the object will not display at the museum but I’m wrong.

After we visits inner the museum, the tour guide invite us to see around the building. Like a room when pangeran diponegoro that the room becomes a prison for Diponegoro who was exiled to Makassar after being abducted from embarrassment. Prison is very narrow and small that any person because Indonesia is in prison does not grow or shrink his body, he said people used to have a great body shape and height so that the Dutch troops make a small prison to inhibit the growth of Indonesian society, especially in Makassar.
I realized how great the struggle of the people had time to defend this country and defend the makasar, their pain is very painful I'm glad I could live in the era of independence without war and hostility between the countries again which caused much suffering and destruction.

After that we headed into the building where there is a chimney. It is where the chimney through which smoke food as Indonesian society who became an assistant to the Dutch army cook. This time around the chimney has a beautiful green grass grows, we walked through the building, our guide gave us did not feel tired in looking at the sides of the fort rotterdam otherwise we are just shut up and running, listen and follow where our guide walked feel tired and tired. We arrived was the last place of our trip. We sat and enjoyed the day dusk, sunset view. Did not feel the time has been shown at 6:06 am which meant we had to go home and do our jobs is make reports today.
Although I am still tired but happy because today I find out the ins and outs of this castle and the history of Makassar on the other hand I can take pictures of friends together and make us one of the photos are exciting and exhausting adventure. Actually, still many knowledge I get from our visited to fort Rotterdam but I think my reports this time is enough.